", Knight 2001 writes that there is one extant reference from antiquity, from. [19] Translation problems are compounded by the women's confusion over which type of FGM they experienced, or even whether they experienced it. Ophelia is consistently confronted with male authority, and considering her standing of subordination due to gender status, she must be moderately to severely compliant to the male figures in her life. [203] By 2015 laws restricting FGM had been passed in at least 23 of the 27 African countries in which it is concentrated, although several fell short of a ban. In half the countries for which national figures were available in 2000–2010, most girls had been cut by age five. However, because I am such an astute feminist, I always try to look at Shakespearian tragedies through a supportive female perspective. [215] Gynaecologist Birgitta Essén and anthropologist Sara Johnsdotter argue that the law seems to distinguish between Western and African genitals, and deems only African women (such as those seeking reinfibulation after childbirth) unfit to make their own decisions. [62] A 2013 meta-analysis of 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries concluded that women with FGM were twice as likely to report no sexual desire and 52 percent more likely to report dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse). [122], Common reasons for FGM cited by women in surveys are social acceptance, religion, hygiene, preservation of virginity, marriageability and enhancement of male sexual pleasure. Knight adds that the attribution to Galen is suspect. Who is at risk in the U.S.? The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Feature Photography", "Social Norm Change Theorists meet again in Keur Simbara, Senegal", "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision", "Charges Against Doctor Bring Ire and Questions", "Ohio Woman Still Scarred By 'Love' Doctor's Sex Surgery", "Doctor Loses Practice Over Genital Surgery", "Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960", wa Kihurani, Warigia wa Johanna & Murigo wa Meshak 2007, "Kenyan girls taken to remote regions to undergo FGM in secret", "Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist", "A brutal custom: Join forces to banish the mutilation of women", "48/104. [217][218][ai] A Nigerian woman successfully contested deportation in March 1994, asking for "cultural asylum" on the grounds that her young daughters (who were American citizens) might be cut if she brought them to Nigeria,[220][221][222] and in 1996 Fauziya Kasinga from Togo became the first to be officially granted asylum to escape FGM. [73], Questions the women are asked during the surveys include: "Was the genital area just nicked/cut without removing any flesh? Her article in American Ethnologist called it "female genital mutilation", rather than female circumcision, and brought it to wider academic attention. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0081. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. USAID 2008: "Infibulation is practiced largely in countries located in northeastern Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. And you will have to cook him his food. The procedure is initiated by an old woman designated for this task, who puts sticks of a special type in place to hold the stretched genital parts so that they do not revert back to their original size.
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