All street plaques in Soviet era had to be also in Russian. Big changes took place in the structure of the territorial settlement of Russians in Latvia. While the Russian community in Latvia was largely an extension of Russia's ethnic Russians, it nevertheless also began to develop a sense of community separate from Russia itself, Latvian Russians were beginning to consider themselves one of the nationalities of Latvia. Following the terms of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied and subsequently annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as Soviet republics in 1940. In 1935, the part of Russians in the whole structure of the population of Latvia made up 10.5% (in 1920 – 7.8%). [citation needed] No reliable statistics on their exact numbers exist, as in the UK they are counted as nationals of the Baltic countries, and not as Russians. Only 42% of Russian men and 28% of Russian women of Latvia could read and write in 1920. 7% were engaged in industry, 4.9% – in trade. The development of the network of secondary schools also took into account the demands of national minorities to receive education in their own language. [19] The non-citizen community (290,660 or 14.1% of Latvia's entire population) was non entitled to vote. In Soviet times, this period was known as the Great Patriotic War, a term that retains resonance with the Russian community of Latvia today. [8], After re-establishing independence in 1991, Latvia did not automatically grant citizenship to anyone whose forebears arrived after June 1940, a policy that mainly affected ethnic Russians. In all, 5% of Lithuania's population are ethnic Russians. Social agitation built up over the course of several years; when workers protested at the Winter Palace, police and Cossacks attacked the procession, killing or wounding hundreds. These political parties support Russian language rights, the granting of automatic citizenship to all non-citizens of Latvia and tend to be left-wing on other issues. So far 10,000[specify] families have settled in the Russian Federation, mostly to Pskov Oblast. Although Russification as a policy was not withdrawn, the Baltic German elite once again found themselves in the Tsar's favor as his agent to maintain control. The idea of establishing a Popular Front of Latvia was supported by Russian writers of the Republic such as L. Azarova, Roald Dobrovenski, V. Dozortsev and M. Kostenetskaia, the journalists A. Grigorjev, A. Kazakov, the translator and bibliographer J. Abyzov, and many others. Peasants of both Russian and Latvian ethnicity captured small towns and burned dozens of manors. In 1989 this national group made up 34.0% of the population of Latvia, its total number 905,500 [1]. All Russians lost the status of their ethnic belonging to the Empire, but in Latvia, they were given all the rights normally secured by democratic states. After independence Russian plaques were either removed or stroken off (as in this picture). [19] and Nils Ušakovs who has been the Mayor of Riga from 2009 to 2019. This continuity of the Baltic states with their first period of independence has been used to re-adopt pre-World War II laws, constitutions, and treaties and to formulate new policies, including in the areas of citizenship and language. Nevertheless, Russia would regularly blame Latvia for alleged discrimination of local Russians. [citation needed]. [4] Russian social organizations began to spring up in the 1860s, around the same time as that of the Latvian National Awakening. Latvia had, in fact, taken a lead in this regard, as serfdom had already been abolished in 1819 except for Latgale, which had been incorporated into the Vitebsk Guberniya in 1802. In 1989 L. Gladkov, V. Dozortsev, V. Zhdanov, V. Kononov and M. Kostenetska were elected to the Council of the Popular Front of Latvia. In the towns of Vidzeme, Kurzeme, and Zemgale the social picture of Russians approached the all-Latvian one. Class-consciousness had continued to develop and was particularly strong in heavily industrialized Riga, the second-largest port in Russia. To Latvians any official status to Russian language is seen as a danger that Russian (which is well-spoken by every Latvian raised under occupation) would replace Latvian as lingua franca. In recent years, as the Russian political leaders have begun to speak about the "former Soviet space" as their sphere of influence,[17] such claims are a source of annoyance, if not alarm, in the Baltic countries. For a long time, the Latvian Republic tried to integrate the Russian minority on the basis of a large national-cultural autonomy. Under the conditions of Soviet Latvia, Russian culture dominated the whole non-Latvian population of the Republic. In Latvia, Russians make up roughly 40 percent of the population of Riga. In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the USSR, and subsequently occupied the territory of Latvia.
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