Amplifiers are sometimes classified by the coupling method of the signal at the input, output, or between stages. A single amplifier is usually insufficient to raise the output to the desired level. They are widely used in integrated circuit form where they are available in single or multiple amplifier packages and often incorporated into complex integrated circuits for specific applications. A radio frequency (RF) amplifier design typically optimizes impedances for power transfer, while audio and instrumentation amplifier designs normally optimize input and output impedance for least loading and highest signal integrity. Today they are widely used in integrated circuit form where they are available in single or multiple amplifier packages and often incorporated into complex integrated circuits for specific applications. The first practical device that could amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. That is, the diodes push the output stage firmly into class-AB mode (assuming that the base-emitter drop of the output transistors is reduced by heat dissipation). In this case a microphone is used as an input source. Here, Radio Frequency Power amplifiers are employed to increase the magnitude of power of modulated waves to a level high enough for reaching required transmission distance. A single transistor is used to amplify both the positive and negative halves of the waveform. • Graphical representations of amplifiers. The power amplifier classes are based on the proportion of each input cycle (conduction angle) during which an amplifying device passes current. Q1 and Q2 form a differential amplifier (an amplifier that multiplies the difference between two inputs by some constant), in an arrangement known as a long-tailed pair. Throughout the system, amplifiers must be used to keep the television signal strong relative to the noise that is everywhere present. An amplifier (often loosely called an "amp") is an electromagnetic or electronic component that boosts an electric current. They are one of the most commonly used circuits in electronics and perform a variety of functions in a great many electronic systems. Whatever the task, there are three categories of amplifier that relate to the properties of their output; The purpose of a voltage amplifier is to make the amplitude of the output voltage waveform greater than that of the input voltage waveform (although the amplitude of the output current may be greater or smaller than that of the input current, this change is less important for the amplifier´s designed purpose). When the power required from the output of the amplifier is so large as to preclude the use of electronic devices, dynamoelectric and magnetic amplifiers find wide application. It is common to see low noise FET transistors used in these stages. Power amplifier classes D, E, F, G etc. Different types of these include: Depending on the frequency range and other properties amplifiers are designed according to different principles. Audio frequency amplifiers are used to amplify signals in the range of human hearing that approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. These are usually designed for specific purposes such as ultrasonic cleaning purpose, metal fatigue detection technique, ultrasound scanning purpose, remote control systems, etc. The operation and output characteristics of each of the circuit configurations differs from each other. Amplifiers of various types are widely used in such electronic equipment as radio and [4] In idealized form they are represented by each of the four types of dependent source used in linear analysis, as shown in the figure, namely: Each type of amplifier in its ideal form has an ideal input and output resistance that is the same as that of the corresponding dependent source:[19], In real amplifiers the ideal impedances are not possible to achieve, but these ideal elements can be used to construct equivalent circuits of real amplifiers by adding impedances (resistance, capacitance and inductance) to the input and output. [16], The vacuum tube was virtually the only amplifying device, other than specialized power devices such as the magnetic amplifier and amplidyne, for 40 years. The main effect is to reduce the overall gain of the system. In this article we will learn about power amplifiers in detail. For wireless transmissions like FM broadcasting, antennas require input signals at thousands of kilowatts of power. In principle, an amplifier is an electrical two-port network that produces a signal at the output port that is a replica of the signal applied to the input port, but increased in magnitude. It is important that background noise generally produced by any electronic device, is kept to a minimum because the amplifier will be handling very low amplitude signals from the antenna (µV or smaller).
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