electricity image by JCVStock from Fotolia.com. An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office. Oftentimes, electricity usage is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), but other units can also be used, such as joules, megajoules, foot-pounds and British thermal units (Btu). Two standards govern meter accuracy, ANSI C12.20 for North America and IEC 62053. The frequency of pulses indicates the power demand. There are two forms: three wire, or four wire with a system neutral. The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference, samplers and quantisers followed by an analog to digital conversion section to yield the digitised equivalents of all the inputs. The meters can now store the entire usage profiles with time stamps and relay them at a click of a button. The accuracy is generally laid down in statute for the location in which the meter is installed. The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month or quarter. Each state change is called a "pulse." These IR LEDs are visible with some night vision viewers and certain video cameras that are capable of sensing IR transmissions. They allow price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season. For example, if you have 5 megajoules, divide 5 by 3.6 to get 1.39 kWh. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and monitoring purposes. So the reading on the electricity meter represents the actual electricity used. [37] Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity simply to conceal their usage of it. Prepaid meters using the STS standard are used in many countries.[27][28][29]. In "three wire" or "three wire delta," , there is no neutral but an earth ground is the safety ground. In North America, it is common for electricity meters to plug into a standardised socket outdoors, on the side of a building. Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and some can also transmit readings to remote places. The most common type of electricity meter is the electromechanical watt-hour meter.[14][15]. [11][12] The Bláthy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter. For example, electronic loads such as computer power supplies draw their current at the voltage peak to fill their internal storage elements. The popularity of such tariffs has declined in recent years, at least in the domestic market, because of the (perceived or real) deficiencies of storage heaters and the comparatively much lower cost of natural gas per kWh (typically a factor of 3-5 times lower). The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Ottó Bláthy's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induction kilowatt-hour meter was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year. Statutory provisions may also specify a procedure to be followed should the accuracy be disputed. The times of peak demand/cost will vary in different markets around the world. For example, if you have 30,000 Btu, divide 30,000 by 3,413 to get 8.7899 kWh. In the United States, the National Electrical Code requires neutrals to be of this type. Your electricity reading will be followed by ‘kWh’ and your gas reading will be a number followed by ‘m3’. Domestic variable-rate meters generally permit two to three tariffs ("peak", "off-peak" and "shoulder") and in such installations a simple electromechanical time switch may be used. t You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Cables are connected directly to the meter. As stated earlier, the basic unit to measure electricity consumption in kilowatt hours. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The number of pulses indicates energy metered.[18]. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils. Current transformers permit the meter to be located remotely from the current-carrying conductors. Similarly to standard meters, ignore the numbers after the decimal point. Divide the electrical meter reading in Btu by 3,413 Btu per kWh to convert to kWh. = The most common application was in relation to special-purpose meters to monitor charge / discharge status of large batteries. Web resources can also be used, if an estimate of the power consumption is enough for the research purposes. Hugo Hirst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power factor and reactive power used etc.
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