We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. These formatting commands were derived from those used by typesetters to manually format documents. Line 4 renders as list B, and line 5 renders as list C. /*: - Item 1, List A. One extremely important characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow mixing markup directly into text streams. Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics—meaning that their specification prescribes some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. Brian Reid, in his 1980 dissertation at Carnegie Mellon University, developed the theory and a working implementation of descriptive markup in actual use. The programming in procedural-markup systems, such as TeX, may be used to create higher-level markup systems that are more descriptive in nature, such as LaTeX. For a partial list of these, see List of XML markup languages. It can be seen as a response to the emergence of programs such as RUNOFF that each used their own control notations, often specific to the target typesetting device. Please read Apple's Unsolicited Idea Submission Policy However, many found it cumbersome and difficult to learn—a side effect of its design attempting to do too much and be too flexible. Another major publishing standard is TeX, created and refined by Donald Knuth in the 1970s and '80s. Thus, SGML is properly a meta-language, and many particular markup languages are derived from it. Markdown. XML adoption was helped because every XML document can be written in such a way that it is also an SGML document, and existing SGML users and software could switch to XML fairly easily. There are three main general categories of electronic markup:[4][5]. HTML became the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser, and is quite likely the most used markup language in the world today. [19][20] It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Goldfarb hit upon the basic idea while working on a primitive document management system intended for law firms in 1969, and helped invent IBM GML later that same year. Markdown or the markup language used by Wikipedia are examples of such wiki markup. If you need to separate the text within lists using line breaks, make sure you do so using a double slash (//). HTML is a particular instance of SGML, whereas LaTeX is designed with the separation-between-content-and-design philosophy of Scribe in mind. Rice, Stanley. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house SGML-based documentation format at CERN, and very similar to the sample schema in the SGML standard. Berners-Lee considered HTML an SGML application. page. The main purpose of XML was to simplify SGML by focusing on a particular problem — documents on the Internet. List content separated by a single empty line renders as a paragraph. Markup instructs the software that displays the text to carry out appropriate actions, but is omitted from the version of the text that users see. XHTML 1.0 has the same elements but the attributes differ slightly. List of XML markup languages -- XML itself is properly a meta-language used to define other markup languages. [citation needed]. It appeared to strike a happy medium between simplicity and flexibility, as well as supporting very robust schema definition and validation tools, and was rapidly adopted for many other uses. The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer text processing was made by William W. Tunnicliffe at a conference in 1967, although he preferred to call it generic coding. The use of XML has also led to the possibility of combining multiple markup languages into a single profile, like XHTML+SMIL and XHTML+MathML+SVG.[19]. There is considerable blurring of the lines between the types of markup. That is, SGML and XML enable users to specify particular schemas, which determine just what elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where. [2] The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts (i.e., the revision instructions by editors), which is traditionally written with a red or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts.
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