The new regulations stated that airlines should put in place FAA-approved ground deicing or anti-icing procedures anytime weather conditions of ice, snow or frost prevailed. Better training around the danger of ice and a stronger de-icing substance were both recommendations that came out of the crash of Air Ontario flight 1363 that could have prevented the crash at LaGuardia. Air Canada exercised a hands-off approach to its majority stake and there was no sign that anyone at Canada’s flag carrier knew about the massive operational deficiencies at Air Ontario. The investigators also stated that the takeoff roll of the jet was not abnormal. The commission’s final report found that all these small shortcomings stemmed from Air Ontario’s complete failure to comply with organizational regulations, lack of crew resource management training, and poor corporate culture. [1]:78 They also ordered "airlines to establish a way to inform fight crews of the type of [deicing] fluid and mixture used, the current moisture accumulation rate, and the available holdover time. Many more never made it out. And indeed, how was it possible that the company could go so long without a minimum equipment list, and allow a plane to fly with an inoperative APU, a malfunction that should have grounded it? [1]:12–13,47, The first officer described the snowfall as "not heavy, no large flakes. By March 1988, the airline still lacked operations manuals and minimum equipment lists for the F28s, leaving pilots in the dark about the finer performance limits of the aircraft, what types of problems were supposed to preclude takeoff, and what regulations applied to the model. [1]:79 They also ordered a study on the "feasibility of building a frangible ILS antenna array for LaGuardia Airport"[1]:80 Further, they ordered a review of Fokker F28-4000 passenger safety briefing cards "to ensure that they clearly and accurately depict the operation of the two types of forward cabin doors in both their normal and emergency modes and that they describe clearly and accurately how to remove the overwing emergency exit and cover. The use of Type I fluid raises concern because its holdover time is shorter than the holdover time for Type II fluid under certain conditions. [1]:77The inquiry lasted just under one year. The accident led to a number of studies into the effect that ice has on aircraft, and several recommendations into prevention techniques. Had the pilots been familiar with the operations manual, they would have known that it was forbidden to take off with any ice on the wings whatsoever, because the F28 had much lower aerodynamic margins than most other airliners. That would have put him very, very late and it may have even caused the cancellation of the flight. 84-year-old Korean War veteran presented with high school diploma. [1]:36, Investigators found that a flaw in the design of the F28's wings made them extremely vulnerable to ice buildup. "[1]:53, "The Safety Board views the evidence as conclusive that the primary factor in this accident was the reduced performance of the wing due to ice contamination. In fact, the only way to be certain whether there is ice on the wings is to physically touch them. Some of the new hires never got any simulator time, and the check pilots training them often had only a little bit more experience than their students. He had often spoken to friends about how important it was for him to get travelers to their destinations on time and how proud he was of USAir's on-time record. A similar accident had happened three years before in 1989, when Air Ontario Flight 1363 crashed shortly after takeoff at Dryden Regional Airport after ice had accumulated on the wings and airframe. 'America's Got Talent': Brandon Leake wins Season 15, 'Father of the Bride': Steve Martin, Kimberly Williams confirmed for Netflix reunion, Florida AG calls for probe into Bloomberg donations allowing felons to vote, 489 retired national security leaders endorse Joe Biden for president. Following the accident, passengers reported fires in the forward left and aft portions of the airplane, including many small fires on the water. The system may operate autonomously, switching on and off as the aircraft enters and leaves icing conditions. The New York Times reported that: The accident sent thick black smoke billowing above the airport as more than 200 emergency workers ... had to contend not only with blustery snow but the powerful icy current in Flushing Bay ... the tense drama of the rescue continued into the early hours, with fire-fighters and police officers in water up to their shoulders and helicopters shining spotlights on the wreckage and an ice-covered mound of earth at the end of the runway so slick the rescue workers needed metal ladders to walk across it. One of LaGuardia’s two runways was temporarily closed so it could be sanded, resulting in a long queue of aircraft waiting to take off on the one remaining runway. The conference concluded with an amendment to FAA regulations which air carriers operated under. Sept. 24 (UPI) -- Investigators with New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority said a group of employees were found to have maintained an illegal "man cave" in a storage room beneath the subway tracks.
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