The first step would be an attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula on the northern side of the Dardanelles, an operation that Churchill, who now became the plan’s chief advocate, knew would be risky. The young minister proposed a bold stroke that would win the war. As 1914 staggered to its bloody conclusion, the Great War dissolved into a horrific grind along the 500 battle-scarred miles of the Western Front. These defeats induced a collective depression among the officer corps, forcing them to openly discuss their concerns about the fate of the empire and, most importantly, the apparent weakness of the army. Gallipoli: The Turkish perspective – Turkish soldiers’ wartime diaries. Gallipoli Campaign, also called Dardanelles Campaign, (February 1915–January 1916), in World War I, an Anglo-French operation against Turkey, intended to force the 38-mile- (61-km-) long Dardanelles channel and to occupy Constantinople. On that day, thousands of young men, far from their homes, stormed the beaches on … Churchill resigned from the government, picked up a gun and headed to the front lines in France as an infantry officer with the Royal Scots Fusiliers. Facing danger and hardship every day, their shared experiences in the trenches created a special brotherhood. Days later on the morning of March 18, British and French battleships entered the straits and launched an attack. In August, there was a second landing on Sulva Bay, also on the peninsula. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia, as well as from its control of the shipping route f… With half of his fleet out of commission, de Robeck ordered a withdrawal. Being a veteran of Gallipoli became a clear distinction, endowing prestige. In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonesus (from Greek χερσόνησος, "peninsula" ) to the Greeks and later the Romans. As 1914 staggered to its bloody conclusion, the “Great War” dissolved into a horrific grind along the 500 battle-scarred miles of the Western Front. Most officers took this advice quite literally, also writing down their feelings. ‘The [Gallipoli] landing had left its train of unsolved questions,’ wrote Australia’s official war correspondent and historian Charles Bean. Read Şefik Aker’s fascinating account of the Gallipoli campaign, plus much more, in the March-April issue of Inside History magaine. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. “The Dardanelles might have saved millions of lives. The Allies then began a land campaign on Turkey’s Gallipoli peninsula. Did Turkish soldiers keep wartime diaries? “I am the victim of a political intrigue,” he lamented to a friend. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The peninsula was renowned for its wheat. The Battle of Gallipoli became a slaughter and quickly morphed into a stalemate just as bloody, just as pointless as that on the Western Front. Britain’s war cabinet backed the plan, which had been under consideration even before the Ottoman Empire joined the war. And what did they record? Most veteran divisions of the Gallipoli campaign eventually ended up either on the Palestine-Syria or the Caucasus fronts, where many perished during a series of disastrous battles. As the fleet hesitated, it lost the advantage. Don’t imagine I am running away from the Dardanelles. The month-long delay allowed the Turks to rush reinforcements to the peninsula and boost their defenses, and the British, French and members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) could make little progress from their beachheads. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia, Pactya, Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus (Greek: Ἀλωπεκόννησος), Sestos, Madytos, and Elaeus. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Their main motivation reflected fear of a repetition of the court-martials that had followed the Balkan Wars. As we commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing today, it’s important to remember the losses and hardships faced by not only the Anzacs and their fellow Allied soldiers – but also their former enemies, the Ottoman Turkish defenders. In November 1915, the statesman turned soldier. However, stereotypes, common mistakes and leftovers of wartime propaganda still obscure the real picture of the Ottoman army. Ottoman military authorities encouraged its personnel to record their combat experience: various handbooks advised officers to keep small journals in their pockets and take notes of important events and orders. Most of their personal papers were destroyed or captured. He not only made use of his personal notes and archival documents but also asked for help from former subordinates. “The price to be paid in taking Gallipoli would no doubt be heavy,” he wrote, “but there would be no more war with Turkey. Before the First World War, the Ottoman officer corps underwent a military intellectual revolution following the humiliating defeats suffered in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. Professor Mesut Uyar, from the University of New South Wales, surveys the evidence. Plans for such a venture were considered by the British authorities between 1904 and 1911, but military and naval opinion was against it. Before the First World War, the Ottoman officer corps underwent a military intellectual revolution following the humiliating defeats suffered in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13.
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